Celta Assignment 3 Essay Example

Celta Assignment 3 Essay Assignment 3: Skills Related Task Course: Celta By: Syed Ahmed Submission date:15/08/2011 Rationale for lesson The reason why radio advertisement has been chosen is due to the following: †¢ I would expect students listen to the radio everyday. They are exposed to radio advertisement whether it is in English or in their native language. It is a useful area to explore as students will pick up a few words used in advertisements and hence generate interest in learning the language. †¢ This area will be interesting as some students may not like a particular advertisement and some may do. This will encourage a healthy discussion amongst the students. A lead in/ warmer can be introduced regarding this subject followed by activities after the listening exercise that would encourage students to practice their productive skill (listening). †¢ This exercise was chosen because students require a lot of concentration while listening to the task hence it demands listening. It also gives an opportunity for students to check their answers in pairs. (Scrivener 2005, p. 176). This lesson is appropriate to the upper-intermediate students as they should have the knowledge of lexis relating to advertisements. This means I can concentrate on a few words for lexis and therefore allow more time for the students to focus on their skills based part (listening) and their follow on tasks. TASKS Task 1: The pre-listening task (p. 64) This task is a good introduction to the topic of radio advertisements as it is easy. This will be a good lead in to the topic. Students will be asked to s tate their favourite advertisement and if they listen to the radio. We will write a custom essay sample on Celta Assignment 3 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Celta Assignment 3 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Celta Assignment 3 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A top down method has been used in this exercise where we are making use of what we already know to assist us to foresee the content and structure of the text. This gives an overall impression of the message (Scrivener 2005 p. 178). (Scrivener, 2005) states that we cannot use a bottom-up method i. e. building up the messages from individual small pieces. Even though this may sound appealing, however to do this it is virtually impossible. Task 2: The first listening task (p. 65) Before handing out the task I would set the question first. The question first technique is described as ‘‘task before audio’’ (Scrivener 2005 p. 172). The students will have to match the following options to the advert being listened to. For example which advert? †¢ Is selling soap powder †¢ Is trying to recruit personnel. The students will have the chance to listen to the audio. The students will have a basic understanding on how to do the task. If students have not found the answers to a specific section of the task, it would be necessary to play the recording again (Scrivener 2005 p. 172). This task is useful to introduce the text to the students. If students get the answers correct in the first attempt, this will help build confidence in them and students can move on to the next task. Task 3: The detailed task (comprehension check p. 65) Students will have a comprehension exercise in order to catch the specific details such as names, color and so on. I would assume that this exercise will be challenging to the students as they have to listen to the details carefully. However I feel that this exercise will help them pick up phrases such as ‘‘wherefore art though’’ and students will be familiar with it. As stated in Scrivener, 2005 it would be appropriate to play the recording more than once or sufficient number of times for the specific section the students are struggling on. As stated in Scrivener, 2005 it would be appropriate to play the part which the students disagree to. During the feedback session, the students will be allowed to check the answers in pairs. The recording would be played again until the students have reached an overall agreement to the answer and not just led by one student (Scrivener 2005, p. 176). Task 4: The follow on task (speaking skills) Group work: Newspapers and magazines will be given out to each group. The groups will be asked to choose an advert that appeals to them and discuss why they like it. This task should take ten minutes. Task 5: Follow on task (Writing) Group work Students will be asked to devise a radio advertisement. They can choose their own product or service or choose from the following option: †¢ A BMW sports car †¢ A restaurant in town †¢ A bank for students Students discuss this in pairs and will have to make a visual presentation on visual cards and write a slogan for the advert. Task 6: Follow on task (Speaking) Group work (Pairs) Students will participate in an activity where students will make a radio advert on a product they will choose. Each group will make an advert and the class will decide which the best advert is. Task 7: Follow on task (Writing) Students should write an advert on the following options: †¢ A car for sale †¢ A job at Curries †¢ A new computer Students will have 15 minutes to write this advert. I will then check each students answer for mistakes. Bibliography: Scrivener, J (2005). Learning Teaching. Macmillan.

American Reaction to the French Revolution

American Reaction to the French Revolution The French Revolution began in 1789 with the storming of the Bastille on July 14th. From 1790 to 1794, the revolutionaries grew  increasingly radical. Americans were at first enthusiastic in support of the revolution. However, over time divisions of opinion became apparent between federalists and anti-federalists. Divide Between Federalists and Anti-Federalists The anti-federalists in America  led by figures such as Thomas Jefferson were in favor of supporting the revolutionaries in France. They thought the French were imitating the American colonists in their desire for freedom. There was a hope that the French  would win a greater degree of autonomy that resulted in the new Constitution and its strong federal government in the United States. Many anti-federalists rejoiced in every revolutionary victory as news of it reached America. Fashions changed to reflect republican dress in France. The Federalists were not sympathetic to the French Revolution, led by figures such as Alexander Hamilton.  The Hamiltonians  feared mob rule. They were  afraid of egalitarian ideas causing further upheaval at home. European Reaction In Europe, rulers were not necessarily that bothered by what was happening in France at first. However, as the gospel of democracy spread, Austria grew afraid. By 1792, France had declared war on Austria wanting to ensure that it would not try to invade. In addition, revolutionaries wanted to spread their own beliefs to other European countries. As France began to win victories beginning with the Battle of Valmy in September, England and Spain got concerned. Then on January 21, 1793, King Louis XVI was executed. France became emboldened and declared war on England. Thus American could no longer sit back but if they wanted to continue to trade with England and/or France. It had to claim sides or remain neutral. President George Washington chose the course of neutrality, but this would be a difficult tightrope for America to walk. Citizen  Genà ªt In 1792, the French appointed  Edmond-Charles Genà ªt, also known as Citizen  Genà ªt, as the Minister to the United States. There was some question on whether he should be formally received by the US  government. Jefferson felt that  America should support the Revolution which would mean publicly acknowledging  Genà ªt as the legitimate minister to France. Hamilton was against receiving him. Despite Washingtons ties to Hamilton and the Federalists, he decided to receive him. Washington eventually ordered that  Genà ªt be censured and later recalled by France when it was discovered that he had been commissioning privateers to fight for France in its war against Great Britain. Washington had to deal with their previously agreed upon Treaty of Alliance with France that had been signed during the American Revolution. Because of its own claims for neutrality, America could not close its ports to France without appearing to side with Britain. Therefore, even though France was taking advantage of the situation by using American ports to help fight its war against Britain, America was in a difficult place. The Supreme Court eventually helped provide a partial solution by preventing the French from arming privateers in American ports. After this proclamation, it was found that Citizen  Genà ªt had a French-sponsored warship armed and sail from Philadelphia. Washington demanded that he be recalled to France. However, this and other issues with the French fighting the British under the American flag led to increased issues and confrontations with the British. Washington sent John Jay to find a diplomatic solution to the issues with Great Britain. However, the resulting Jays Treaty was quite weak and widely derided. It required the British to abandon forts they still occupied on Americas western frontier. It also created a trading agreement between the two nations. However, it had to give up the idea of freedom of the seas. It also did nothing to stop impressment where the British could force American citizens on captured sailing vessels into service on their own ships. Aftermath In the end, the French Revolution brought the issues of neutrality and how America would deal with belligerent European countries. It also brought unresolved issues with Great Britain to the forefront. Finally, it showed a great divide in the way that federalists and anti-federalists felt about France and Great Britain.

Examples of historical and contemporary CHANGE MAKERS Essay

Examples of historical and contemporary CHANGE MAKERS - Essay Example It was also to be used as a vessel to safeguard traditional Indian customs and rituals. To achieve this, AIM was to use legal means to uphold Indian treaty rights that would allow them to gather wild rice, to hunt and fish freely without interference. These treaties had been violated by the American government and were only used to dupe and subdue the Indians. (Encyclopedia.com, 2005) In 1968, after being released from prison Banks went from door to door requesting native Indians to come together to form what would later be known as AIM. In 1969, he was among the people who seized Alcatraz Island which had been taken from Indians and used to create a prison facility. In 1973, he led the military takeover of a village in South Dakota known as Wounded Knee. The standoff between AIM and American army lasted 73 days despite the fact that AIM had been out numbered and had fewer resources. This grabbed the attention of people throughout American and they began receiving massive support for their courage. (Encyclopedia.com, 2005) Banks through the movement spent most of his life advocating for Indian rights. After earning an arts degree at the University of California, he began lecturing at Deganawidah-Quetzecoat University which is owned and controlled by Indians. He became the first American Indian chancellor and in 1979, Banks began lecturing at Stanford University in California. Since then, he has been travelling overseas giving lectures about Indian customs. In 1987, he was actively involved in convincing two states: Indiana and Kentucky to pass laws that would prevent violation of Indian graves. He then reorganized burial ceremonies for at least 1200 desecrated Indian graves in Uniontown, Kentucky. (Encyclopedia.com, 2005) In 1988, he organized and led the Sacred Run- an Indian spiritual run from New York to San Francisco, and then in Japan where he was stationed as a soldier, from Hiroshima to Hokkaido. In the same year, he published in Japan his

Double Jeopardy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Double Jeopardy - Research Paper Example Double jeopardy is regarded as an abuse of process because the same person is brought to the court based on the same facts. The rule of double jeopardy has received dramatic attention in the past few areas and critics are constantly calling for upgrading the rule because of its failure as it is causing injustice in the society. A classic reason often quoted for advocating the rule of double jeopardy and is often cited in academic literature and law cases was made by Black J in the case of Green v United States (US Supreme Court 187). The idea behind the statement which he believed is ingrained in the mind of American system of jurisprudence is that the State should not be allowed to make multiple attempts to allege a charge to convict a person for an offence, thereby subjecting him into incur unnecessary expenses, making him disgraceful in the society, and it causes the individual to suffer from embarrassment & mental turmoil. This compels him to live a life full of anxiety and insecurity, and also increases the chances of the individual to be declared guilty even though he might be innocent. Double jeopardy is recognized as a constitutional right in several countries. The fifth amendment of constitutions of United States of America states: â€Å"nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb† (AFA para. 3). ... Double jeopardy is recognized as a constitutional right in several countries. The fifth amendment of constitutions of United States of America states: â€Å"nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb† (AFA para. 3). In addition to that, it is also recognized in international laws. For instance, the Article 14 (7) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights states that â€Å"No one shall be liable to be tried or punished again for an offence for which he has already been finally convicted or acquitted in accordance with the law and penal procedure of each country† (ICCPR 14). In United Kingdom, this principle is famously known as ‘Connelly principle’ after the case of Connelly v Director of Public Prosecutions as it was regarded as an abuse of process. Lord Pearce in this case stated that a man should not be tried for a second offence which is clearly inconsistent on the facts with either a previous conviction or acquittal. The court should apply judicial discretion under such circumstances as without such a process, injustice will prevail (Johns 3). In Australia, the High Court’s decision regarding R v Carroll triggered a reform about the rules of double jeopardy (Johns 7). The case was concerned with a murder of an infant girl named Deidre Kennedy in 1973, for which Raymond Carroll was prosecuted for the case by the court. The girl was strangled in Queensland and her body was found with bruises on left thigh which were identified by medical experts as marks of human teeth. Carroll defended himself by swearing an oath and claiming that at the time of murder he was attending a course at RAAF base in South Australia. The defendant

Rhetoric and Sterotypes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rhetoric and Sterotypes - Essay Example Politicians themselves use negative rhetoric against their opponents. People use negative language and rhetoric talking about politicians that further enhances the hatred for this group. They call them people who spend money wastefully and fill their own pockets to enjoy luxuries while common man suffers. They often call them cheaters, frauds and inhuman, and say that â€Å"good people don’t go into politics† (Baker, 2006). The stereotype that labels a tattooed body is one of the most misleading stereotypes which to some extent is true but to a large extent, is false. Public stereotypes tattooed persons as being criminals, addicted to drugs, drunkards, having loose characters like being involved sexually, dirty, rude, indecent, disrespectful, and possessing bad manners. They are thought to be rebellious and violent gangsters. They are also stereotyped as foolish persons sometimes who have no respect for their bodies. Tattooed women are thought to be sluts and whores (Smith, 2010). People see photographs of wanted criminals in newspapers some of whom might have decorated their bodies with tattoos, and they link the same image to every tattooed person which is wrong. People sometimes think of all tattooed persons to be bad and naughty because in some religions, tattoos are totally forbidden, and people decorating their bodies with tattoos are condemned seriously. Public uses negative rhetoric against suc h persons regardless of the reason why the person got himself tattooed. Most often, it is just the fashion and style that compels one to get tattooed. People have also stereotyped feminists and the label goes to every person who supports feminist theories. Feminists are most commonly stereotyped as lesbians who hate men and will do anything to kill any man coming her way. This is a very negative and a very severe kind of stereotype that does not hold any truth in it. Thinking of a feminist as a hard core lesbian is not

The Potential Users Of Financial Accounting Information Accounting Essay

The Potential Users Of Financial Accounting Information Accounting Essay The users are an important component in accounting systems, and play a key role in usefulness of financial accounting information. Financial accounting is a term usually applied to external reporting by providing information about the financial position of a business to a wide range of users in making economic decisions (Weetman, 2011). The purpose of this paper is to review the relationships between the potential users and actual users of financial accounting information and the relevancy evidence to current practice. A variety of different arguments have been put forward about this issue. The paper has been divided into five parts. It first gives a brief overview of who the potential users of financial accounting information are. Secondly, it deals with the actual users of the information. It then goes on to how useful of financial accounting information is and looks at how strong is the evidence that they use information in the ways predicted. Finally, the reason why the potential users may not be actual users of financial accounting information is carried out. The potential users of financial accounting information Financial accounting aims to allow users to understand the economic activity of the company (Stolowy, et al., 2010). For a limited liability company financial statements would contain balance sheet, profit and loss account, statement of recognized gains and losses and cash flow statement (Weetman, 2011). Without users, financial accounting information will lost its role. According to FASB (2010), the objective of financial reporting is to provide useful financial information for existing and potential users to make economic decisions. There are several users who are interested in financial accounting information. Atrill and Mclaney (2008) stated that the purpose of financial information to be used and the person financial information to be given must be clear. By definition and different needs from each other, it could define as internal users such as managers and external users which include owners, lenders, government, employees, competitors, customers, community, and suppliers (IA SC, 1989). General purpose financial statements expected accounting information which would be of interest to a wide range of user groups (FASB, 2010), see appendix 1. Therefore, everyone could be the potential users of financial accounting information as long as there is a need for the information. Actual users of the financial accounting information From the internal management view, it has been argued that the main users of accounting information about an organization could be those who manage the company every day, such as managers (Weetman, 2011). A Statement of Basic Accounting Theory (ASOBAT) did not declare any particular user group such as investors to be primary users. Instead, it has been asserted that useful information was required for both internal and external purpose. Classified users of accounting information into two broad groups: external users which include present and potential investors, creditors, employees, stock exchanges, governmental units and customers on contrast with internal management. However, According to FASB (2010), the primary users of financial accounting information refer to existing and potential investors, lenders, and other creditors. They need entities reporting information provided indirectly. As actual users are contained in the potential users, see appendix 2, if they have same interes ts in the financial accounting information, the actual users might include managers, lenders, suppliers, customers, competitors, employees, government and community (Britton and Waterston, 2006). Similar conclusion has been argued by Atrill and McLaney (2008), Perks (2007) and Weetman (2011). The usefulness of financial accounting information Most of users treat the financial statements as the main source of financial information. According to IASB (1989), it assumes that if financial statements meet the needs of investors, it will also meet the needs of most other users (Weetman, 2011). The usefulness of accounting information is under premise of its high qualitative characteristics. There are four main qualitative characteristics which are described as relevance, reliability, comparability and understandability. However, only if the information actually makes a change in users decisions could define it as relevance Framework (1989). Also accounting information should be material and the benefits of providing the information should outweigh the costs (Atrill and Mclaney, 2008). The purpose of financial statements is not meant to meet all the users needs (FASB, 2010). It is possible to prepare the financial statements for general purpose which will have some interests for all users. For instance, as investors provide risk capital to the company, the provision of financial statements meets both investors and other users who are interested in estimating risks (Stolowy, et al., 2010). These financial reports are valuable for users who have no bargaining power and no significant economic influence in organizations (Elliott and Elliott, 2009). It has been asserted that general purpose financial statements tend to focus on the primary users which included the owners, long-term lenders and creditors. The interests of primary users might overlap with the interests of other user groups. Therefore, this could satisfy most users needs for financial accounting information (Weetman, 2011). The financial statements, which treat owners, lenders and creditors as primary use rs, could provide useful financial accounting information for the existence of users. use information in the ways predicted The financial accounting information could help users to make decisions and reduce uncertainty over the financial position and performance of the business. For example, to help availability of funds to pay owners a return, to repay loans, to reward employees (Atrill and Mclaney, 2008). It has been claimed that accounting information cannot meets all of the needs of each of the various user groups (FASB, 2010). Atrill and Mclaney (2008) stated that Different groups of users have different value and needs. However, user groups desire to know more accounting information as possible. Conflict between user groups is likely happen during business processing. For instance, managers they have close involvement with the business, they have access to a wide range of information and most might be confidential in company (Weetman, 2011). They know more internal information about the current and future situation of the company than outside investors. This could be defined as information asymmetry (Scott, 2009). Investor might make wrong decision based on inaccurate information provided by managers, so they want to know more information besides the financial statements. It is further contended that there are several user groups they want to meet specific needs directly from the business, such as governments, HM Revenue and Customs, and managers and directors. Lenders are usually given much more information than is included in published financial statements, including forecast information, monthly breakdowns and cash budgets (Perks, 2007). To have everything to be included in a companys financial statements is unrealistic (Perks, 2007). Financial accounting information is presented as the form of highly summarized financial statements. The main problem with the financial information needs of the user groups are that most want to know predict the future. Shareholders, creditors, lenders and employees all want to know what the companys future prospects are. But most of information in financial statements has already happened (Stice and Stice, 2006). Many users concerned how valuable the past information was and the reliability of business future forecast. Therefore, it is not possible for a company to publish exactly the information that everyone wants. The information is designed on the behalf of focus on shareholders and creditors (Perks, 2007) There is no similar substitute for the information provided by the financial statements. Thus, if users cannot gather the required information form the financial statements. It is often unavailable to them. Other sources of information concerning the financial health of a business are normally much less useful. As a result, the evidence is not strong enough for the user groups to use information in the way predicated and it is normally very difficult to assess the impact of accounting on decision-making (Atrill and Mclaney, 2008) potential users may not be actual users of financial information As Young (2006) claimed some of the actual users were multiple, conflicting, inconsistent, and uneducated. These users are unreliable and limited knowledge about financial accounting information and its process. FASB (2010) have conducted a new concept of the financial statement user-a rational economic decision-maker. It means that the decisions of interest are rational, if statements can be connected to the forecast of future cash flows, it could be said rational decision makers need it. Users can be seen more as hypothetical readers of financial statements than as actual users, because they need particular types of information (Young, 2006). Moreover, the conflicting needs of users and limited information provided in reports might cause potential users cannot find information useful to them (Atrill and McLaney, 2008). Therefore, the potential users might not be the actual users of financial accounting information, a portion of potential users could be. Conclusion In conclusion, the current paper has reviewed the users of financial accounting information. The question posed at the outset of this paper was to examine the reasons why the potential users may not be actual users of financial accounting information and relevancy evidence to practice. It has been seen that different users have different needs, even financial statements focus on primary users to provide useful information. However, it could not achieve the expected level and cannot meet all users needs. It may therefore be concluded from the above discussion that the actual users are a portion of potential users. Potential users might not be actual users of financial accounting information. Appendix 1 The relationship between potential users and actual users: Potential users Actual users Primary users Appendix 2 Users and their information needs (FASB,2010) Investors. The providers of risk capital and their advisers are concerned with the risk inherent in, and return provided by, their investments. They need information to help them determine whether they should buy, hold or sell. Shareholders are also interested in information which enables them to assess the ability of the entity to pay dividends. Employees. Employees and their representative groups are interested in information about the stability and profitability of their employers. They are also interested in information which enables them to assess the ability of the entity to provide remuneration, retirement benefits and employment opportunities. Lenders. Lenders are interested in information that enables them to determine whether their loans, and the interest attaching to them, will be paid when due. Suppliers and other trade creditors. Suppliers and other creditors are interested in information that enables them to determine whether amounts owing to them will be paid when due. Trade creditors are likely to be interested in an entity over a shorter period than lenders unless they are dependent upon the continuation of the entity as a major customer. Customers. Customers have an interest in information about the continuance of an entity, especially when they have a long-term involvement with, or are dependent on, the entity. Governments and their agencies. Governments and their agencies are interested in the allocation of resources and, therefore, the activities of entities. They also require information in order to regulate the activities of entities, determine taxation policies and as the basis for national income and similar statistics. Public. Entities affect members of the public in a variety of ways. For example, entities may make a substantial contribution to the local economy in many ways including the number of people they employ and their patronage of local suppliers. Financial statements may assist the public by providing information about the trends and recent developments in the prosperity of the entity and the range of its activities.

The Setting of The Cask of Amontillado Essay -- Papers Poe Essays

The Setting of The Cask of Amontillado An important element in any story is setting. Authors use setting to convey certain feelings brought on by the character’s surroundings. It also subliminally serves to illustrate the character’s intentions. In â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† Edgar Allen Poe uses the dark, imposing setting to do just that, communicate the underlying theme of the story, being death, revenge and deception. Poe begins setting the tone of the story by describing the gloomy and threatening vaults beneath Montressor’s home. The first description of the Montressor home, as well as the reader’s first hint that something is amiss, is the description of the time off Montressor had required his employees to take. This alone lets us know that some of his intentions are less than virtuous. He describes the vaults as extensive, having many rooms, and being insufferably damp. This description of Montressor’s vaults strikes a feeling of uneasiness and fear in the reader, as well as a fear of malevolent things to come. References to the bodies laid to rest in the ca...

Borderline Personality Disorder

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a type of a mental disease characterized by prolonged personality function failure, variability and disturbance of moods. Ultimately, it leads one to unstable and chaotic interpersonal relationships, behavior, identity, and self image. The proceeding results are periods of dissociation and isolation. When one is disturbed this way, he or she may develop pervasive negativity within the facets of life psychologically. Difficult in developing and maintaining work, social settings and home relationships are experienced.When the victims are not given the effective therapy and proper care, complete or attempted suicides are possible outcomes (Kantor, 1993, pp. 135). Current research on this disorder has revealed the specific symptoms that can help one establish early signs of the disease. The first recognitive experience of this disease is a turmoil relationship that takes a hate-love track as time goes by. After perceived slight misunderstandings, victims of this disorder furiously and immediately drop their friends.The victims have a general difficult in agreeing on gray areas with the other people they interact with (Lachkar, 2004, pp. 23). Current research from Britain encyclopedia has come up with a wide range of the factors that may lead to this disorder. The causes are said to be complex and diverse. They include child sexual abuse or childhood trauma, brain abnormalities, environmental factors, neurobiological factors and genetic predisposition. The disease itself is mental but the repercussions mostly rest and affect social behavior of the concerned.The affected spends most of the time mentally alternating between extremes of devaluation and idealization. The perceived identity disturbance is generated because of the psychological unrest in evaluating ones sense of self and self image. In the process of finding a solution to these encounters, impulsive thought that are far much self damaging come in mind. They may inc lude reckless driving, substance abuse, binge eating, eating disorders, promiscuous and unprotected sex (Lubbe, 2000, pp. 450). At individual level, suicidal threats, gestures and behavior are experienced.This may also be coupled with behaviors that are self mutilating including excoriation or interfering with body scars that may be healing, cutting or picking at oneself. Due to affective instability, moods can be marked by high reactivity such as irritability, dysphoria, and intense episodic or sometimes high anxiety. Chronic feelings such as worthlessness and emptiness, frequent displays of recurrent physical fights, constant anger and temper, dissociate symptoms, delusions, paranoid ideation and transient stress are symptoms that indicate prevalence of Borderline Personality Disorder (Lachkar, 2004, pp.24). The Chinese society of psychiatry has carried out an extensive study on the diagnostic paths in handling this mental illness. The diagnosisitnvolves the so called mood swings. Mood swings describes reactivity of mood and marked liability which can be defined as emotional dysregulation. It is a reaction of the victim to external intrapsychic and psychosocial stressors which is believed to subside or arise with time. The above medical research body has come up with several areas of concentration in the attempts to curb the prevalence of the disease globally (Muller, 1994, pp. 87).The approach in treating the disorder has ranged from socialization programs to medication programs. The medical section has given a prior attention to hospitalization, medications and psychotherapy interventions. After carrying out the research, the core treatment of the disorder is psychotherapy. The two mainly used and effective disorders are Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT). It is an approach that applies high skills in teaching the regulation techniques of ones relationships, emotions and tolerating distress. It can be a face to face or phone counseling which can be done at individual level or through a group consultation.The second type of psychotherapy is the Transference Focused Psychotherapy (TFP). This kind of approach concentrates on the relationship between the victim of emotions and the therapist. It helps in understanding the challenges that may come along with social interactions and how to deal with the difficulties. These researchers have identified that medications can not adequately cure this disorder. They can only treat the problems that are associated with the disorder. It can approach and counter situations like anxiety, impulsitivity and depression.These medications include anti anxiety medications, antipsychotic and antidepressant. The hospitalization program is usually designed to keep the victim safe from self injury. Consultation of mental health providers gives the directions and precautions to undertake in containing the disease (Muller, 1994. pp. 87). The world health organization has also involved itself in the search for co ntingency measures in handling of the above disorder. It has proposed and enhanced group based psychological services. These programs motivate people to engage, participate and encourage group and solitary activities.It has thus developed therapeutic communities in Europe, that have led the campaigns towards treatment or lowering of the severity associated with this personality disorder. These communities focus on future prevention of the disease, handle the current victims and extend their material assistance to these individuals. The mission of these research organizations is to provide improved psychiatric rehabilitation services. The rehabilitation is achieved through encouraging engagement in meaningful activities and avoiding of social exclusion and stigmatic endeavors.The world organization also provides mutual support and promotes co-counseling groups all over the world to prevent unexpected and harmful spread of the disorder. The victim can get involved in alternative medic inal techniques. Doing exercises and ensuring physical fitness can be improved by including team sports and occupational therapy techniques. Engaging in a sort of employment encourages the spirit of self efficacy, competence and having a social role and obligation to perform in the society. This in turn promotes self esteem (McCallum, 2001, pp.234). This body has also provided antidepressants called Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor that has been presented in randomized and controlled trials around the world. It has been reported to improve attendant symptoms related to depression, anxiety, hostility and anger. A higher dose of the above depressant is required in the treatment of mood disorders in comparison with depression. The benefits of this depressant are realized within a period of three months in treating mood disorders and a period of six weeks if it is made to treat depression.Mentalization based treatments assumes that victims of this disorder experience attachment di sturbance because of parent child relations in the early childhood stages. Lack of enough early child attunement and mirroring by parents can result to the child’s mentalization deficiency. This lowers the capacity of such child to attach some kind of correlation between the mental state and the potential causing action. Under normal conditions, there must exist some kind of relatedness between the driving force towards an action and the state of the mind.Studies have attached the perceived mental failure in this disorder to problematic impulse control and instability in moods (Acocella, 1999, pp. 108). Mentalization oriented treatments highly and frequently employ psycho dynamically informed multimodal treatment criterion in the process of ensuring a sustained capacity of self regulation of the patient. This criterion goes ahead to incorporate both individual psychotherapy and group psychotherapy in an outpatient context, partial hospitalization or therapeutic community.Comb ination of these medical and non medical elements helps to reduce the emotional states which are closely associated with Borderline Personality Disorder. The categories of the disorders include feelings of victimization, feeling of lack of identity or fragmentation, feeling of self destructiveness and extreme need for isolation. When these people are completely attacked by the disorder they become hyper alert to signals of rejection, less or no valuation, insecurity, ambivalence, avoidance and demonstration of fearful preoccupation in relationship patterns.All these issues are encountered in the process of novelty seeking or intimacy seeking of the patients (Livesley, 2003, pp. 90). Cultural, age and gender considerations of the disorder Several studies upon the relatedness of this disorder to gender aspects or differences have been done. It is an area that has raised a lot of controversies and critics in the attempt of justifying the perspective that this disorder dominates in fema le gender as compared to the males.It has thus received a very high feministic criticism. A group of scholars believe that patients of this disorder have a history of abuse in lines to do with sex during their early childhood. This ideology argues that girls are more exposed to the danger of sexual abuse compared to boys, definitely and inevitably justifying that the disease is common among ladies. On the other hand, women who have survived childhood sexual abuse perceive traumatization when interacting with abusive mental health services.This happens because of the fact that Borderline Personality Disorder is a diagnosis full of traumatization and thus it evokes negative or abusive responses and answers from mental health providers. To acknowledge the abuse of sex inflicted on these women, several feminist thinkers have suggested that it is better to use diagnosis of post traumatic disorder for this class of women. This medication is however made to medicalize the disorder but it d oes not handle the root cause of the problem within the society (Acocella, 1999, pp.180). Clinical officers respond differently to similar complains or symptoms, depending on whether it originates from a woman or a man. For example if both sexes report cases of angriness and other promiscuous behaviors a man is likely to be diagnosed by use of Antisocial Personality Disorder whereas a woman will be diagnosed with Borderline Personal Disorder. If a woman portrays manhood characteristics such as hostility, success or sexual activity, she is entitled to a diagnosis of personality disorder.If on the other hand the woman shows psychiatric symptoms that conform not to the sick role considered traditionally passive, she is likely to be labeled and considered as a difficult patient. This situation leads to the patient receiving the stigmatizing diagnosis of the borderline personality disorder. Borderline Personality Disorder seemingly is associated with urban settings and low economic and s ocial status. Diagnosis of this disease may at times be applied to the wrong group of persons or individuals.In some areas engagement in some behaviors is perceived as a protective approach or a presumed survival strategy. In making diagnosis analysis, it is of great importance for the clinician involved to consider the economic and social context in which the perceived emotional difficult occurred. Diagnosis of this disorder should not be performed before the age of eighteen years. This is because some observations made at early ages are associated with childhood. After this age, any symptoms can be diagnosed because every sense of maturity s assumed upon an individual (McCallum, 2001, pp. 234).Many sample based studies in the world have shown that the prevalence of this disorder in males is 1% and 3% in females. The origin of the individuals used in the sample has also contributed to variations in the study’s results, depending on the surrounding social and economic scenari os. Urban settings have indicated a percentage of 30% prevalence compared to 3% found in rural areas. This state has prevailed in many nations because urban settings are subjected to many social evils and crimes that highly contribute to emotional reactions. Substance abuses are believed to be highest in towns and cities.This disorder does not have a well defined course in ones life. It is however believed through experimentations and research activities that it disappears as one gets older and older. It has been observed to disappear in the fourth decade of life cycle. The remission of this disorder is not however automatic but depends on the frequency of engaging in criminal activities or activities that can interfere negatively with ones psychological and emotional state. There is a natural impact that forces one to reduce the spectrum of behaviors such as substance abuse (McCallum, 2001, pp.234). Future considerations of the disorder The future diagnosis of this disorder require s an improvement and a further consideration of emotional difficulties to avoid misconceptions. This is because many reports have been produced where this disorder is persistently misdiagnosed. If this problem is not properly handled, it may lead to marked distress. This also promotes impairment in occupational, role functional and social obligations of the patients. When diagnostic results are released, the patient simply believes in the results without any doubt.Any diagnosis whether true or not is very much impactive on the emotional state of the patient. The patient will therefore adapt the living styles of fellow partners who are suffering from the disorder. Any further research on this work should be in position to offer updated synthesis which concretely incorporates rational clinical attention and current scientific knowledge. It should comprehensively reconstruct the minds of patients for it to serve as a vital caveat utilizing the treatment recommendations with appreciatio ns and not view them as limiting to their ambitions in life.The nature of supportive advance should determine the treatment recommendations. These recommendations should be keyed with respect to confidence level provided by coded evidence (Acocella, 1999, pp. 108). In the future, researchers should not only concentrate on the medication issues but also pay attention to the socialization programs that can be adopted to prevent and at the same time help to cure who are suffering from the disorder. Emotional complications can not occur when the social atmosphere is not disturbed.Borderline disorder is sensitive to the environmental state. It is just a psychological response or reaction towards an emotional embarrassment from a certain source. If sexual abuse among children at early childhood is minimized or stopped, the rate at which the disorder is spreading can be cut down to lower ends. Therefore, programs should be launched to encourage the public through sensitization programs to take a personal initiative, aimed at a collective goal, a counter reaction towards Borderline Personality Disorder (Livesley, 2003, pp. 90). Reference: Acocella Joan, 1999. Creating Hysteria: Women and Multiple Personality Disorder. London, Jossey-Bass publishers, pp. 108. Kantor Martin, 1993. A Guide to Avoidance and Avoidant Personality Disorder. Mahwah, NJ, Praeger publishers, pp. 135. Lachkar Joan, 2004. The Narcissistic/ Borderline Couple: New Approaches to Marital Therapy. London, Brunner-Routledge, pp. 23, 25. Livesley John, 2003. Practical Management of Personality Disorder. London, Guilford Press, pp. 90. Lubbe Trevor, 2000. The Borderline Psychotic Child: A Selective Integration. London, Routledge, pp. 450. McCallum David, 2001. Personality and Dangerousness: Genealogies of Antisocial Personality Disorder. Cambridge University Press, pp. 234. Muller Ryse, 1994. Anatomy of a Splitting Borderline: Description and Analysis of a case History, Mahwah, NJ, pp. 87.

The Stars And Galaxies Essays - Spectroscopists, Stellar Astronomy

The Stars And Galaxies Essays - Spectroscopists, Stellar Astronomy The Stars And Galaxies MEGAN JACKSON MS. KEYS SCIENCE DECEMBER 5,2000 THE STARS AND GALAXIES Have you ever looked up at the sky and wondered what are those bright and shiny things up there. Stars: a natural luminious body visible in the sky especially at night. A self-luminious gaseous celestial body ofgreat mass which produces energy by means of nuclear fusion reactions, whose shape is usually spheroidal, and whose size may be as small as the earth or larger than the earths orbit. Galaxies: Any of the very large groups of stars and associated matter that are found throughout the universe. In 1802, William Wollaston noted that the spectrum of sunlight did not appear to be a continious band of colors, but rather had a series of dark lines superimposed on it. Wollaston attributed the lines to natural boundaries between colors. Joseph Fraunhofer made a more careful set of observations of the solar spectrum in 1814 and found some 600 dark lines, and he specifically measured the wavelenght of 324 of them. Many of the Fraunhofer lines in the solar spectrum retain the notations he created to designate them. In 1864, Sir William Huggins matched some of these dark lines in the spectra from other stars with terrestrial substances, demonstrating that the stars are made of the same materials of everyday material rather than exotic substances. This paved the way for modern spectroscopy. Since even before the discovery of the spectra, scientists had tried to find ways to catergorize stars. By observing spectra , astronomers realized that the large numbers of stars exhibit a small number of distinct patterns in their spectral lines. Classification by the spectral features quickly proved to be a powerful tool for understanding stars. The current spectral classification scheme was developed at Harvard Observatory in the early 20th century. Work was begun by Henry Draper who photographed the first spectrum of Vega in 1872. After his death, his wife donated the equipment and a sum of money to the Observatory to continue his work. The bulk of classification work was done by Annie Jump Cannon from 1918 to 1924. The original scheme used capital letters running alphabetically, but the subsequent revisions have reduced this as stellar evolution and typing has become better understood. The work was published in the Henry Draper Catalog and Henry Draper Extension which contained spectra of 225,000 stars down to ninth magnitude. The scheme is based on lines which are mainly sensitiveto stellar surface tempertures rather than actual composition differences,gravity, or luminosity. Inportant lines

Requisitos para viajar o emigrar a Puerto Rico

Requisitos para viajar o emigrar a Puerto Rico Para viajar o emigrar a Puerto Rico aplican las mismas leyes que para hacerlo a Estados Unidos. Esto es asà ­ porque es un territorio que forma parte de la Commonwealth de ese paà ­s, aunque no es uno de los 50 estados que conforman la unià ³n americana.   Este artà ­culo informa sobre el importante asunto de la ciudadanà ­a americana y los puertorriqueà ±os, las consecuencias migratorias derivadas del estatus especial de Puerto Rico, las reglas para viajar a la isla y, finalmente, se hace referencia a otros territorios con estatus similar al de Puerto Rico.  ¿Sabà ­a usted? Puerto Rico es un Territorio Libre Asociado de Estados Unidos, conocido como commonwealth. Las leyes migratorias de la isla son exactamente las mismas que las de Estados Unidos, tanto para migrantes como para visitantes. Ciudadanà ­a estadounidense y Puerto Rico Desde su nacimiento, los puertorriqueà ±os tienen pasaporte de los Estados Unidos. Es asà ­ en virtud de la Ley Jones-Shafroth, del 2 de marzo de 1917, que reconoce a los puertorriqueà ±os la ciudadanà ­a americana al mismo tiempo que reconoce que tambià ©n poseen la ciudadanà ­a puertorriqueà ±a. La excepcià ³n es para aquellas personas -muy pocas- que deciden renunciar a la primera y quedarse sà ³lo con la segunda. La ley permitià ³ que quien asà ­ lo desease podà ­a renunciar a la ciudadanà ­a americana y conservar sà ³lo la puertorriqueà ±a ya que, como se ha reconocido en varias ocasiones, ambas nacionalidades son diferentes y separadas.  En 1917 menos de 300 personas decidieron conservar sà ³lo la ciudadanà ­a de la isla. Pero debido al estatus especial de Puerto Rico, los puertorriqueà ±os no votan en las elecciones presidenciales de Estados Unidos ni tienen representacià ³n de senador ni representante con voto en el Congreso de los Estados Unidos. Sin embargo, todos los puertorriqueà ±os que residen habitualmente en uno de los 50 estados de la unià ³n, sà ­ pueden hacerlo. Consecuencias migratorias del estatus especial de Puerto Rico Las leyes migratorias de Puerto Rico son, en realidad, las leyes migratorias de Estados Unidos, no hay otras. Esto tiene las siguientes consecuencias: En primer lugar, para emigrar a Puerto Rico hay que seguir uno de los 29 caminos abiertos para emigrar (green card) a Estados Unidos. Exactamente los mismos. En segundo lugar, como los puertorriqueà ±os son ciudadanos, los  puertorriqueà ±os pueden pedir a sus esposos extranjeros o a sus novios, tanto si residen en la isla como si viven en uno de los 50 estados de la unià ³n americana o, incluso, en otros territorios, como Samoa, las Islas Và ­rgenes Americanas o Guam. En tercer lugar, para viajar como turista o con cualquier tipo de visa no inmigrante a Puerto Rico aplican exactamente las mismas leyes que para Estados Unidos. Absolutamente no hay ninguna diferencia y no es ms fcil que aprueben las visas si el destino es Puerto Rico. Es exactamente igual pedirla cuando el destino es San Juan o cuando es Miami o Nueva York. Viajar a Puerto Rico Las reglas para viajar a Puerto Rico dependen del lugar y, en algunos casos, de la situacià ³n migratoria de la persona que desea ir a la isla. Asà ­, en el caso de ser turistas extranjeros que se encuentran fuera de EE.UU., si pertenecen a un paà ­s del Programa de Exencià ³n de Visas pueden viajar sin visado por un plazo mximo de 90 dà ­as, pero es necesaria la ESTA si se llega por avià ³n. En los dems casos es necesario solicitar una visa de turista regular y acudir a la entrevista a la embajada o consulado americano que corresponda. Por otro lado, los ciudadanos americanos y los residentes permanentes legales que se encuentran en uno de los estados de EE.UU., pueden viajar a Puerto Rico con un documento que les permita embarcar, pudiendo utilizar sus licencias de manejar, si asà ­ lo desean. En cuanto a los extranjeros con visa vigente que se encuentran en Estados Unidos y desean viajar a la isla, debern llevar sus pasaportes. Para evitar problemas, los estudiantes internacionales con visas F o M y aquellas personas con visa de intercambio (J-1) deben llevar los documentos adicionales que muestran que la visa est vigente, tipo I-20. Por à ºltimo, los indocumentados deberà ­an intentar evitar volar a Puerto Rico, incluso aquellos que tienen un documento vlido para volar domà ©sticamente en Estados Unidos. La razà ³n es que se sobrevuelan aguas internacionales y se han reportado casos de problemas en vuelos de esas caracterà ­sticas, como los que comunican Alaska y Hawaii con los 48 estados contiguos. Otros territorios de EE.UU. en los que aplican sus leyes migratorias Estados Unidos es un paà ­s federal compuesto por 50 estados. Los dos à ºltimos en unirse fueron Hawaii y Alaska. Los nacidos en esos territorios son, al mismo tiempo, ciudadanos y nacionales. Puerto Rico no es el à ºnico territorio de Estados Unidos. Guam, las Marianas del Norte o las Islas Và ­rgenes Americanas son otros ejemplos, los allà ­ nacidos son ciudadanos americanos. Tambià ©n los nacidos en cualquiera de esas islas son ciudadanos y nacionales de EE.UU. Sin embargo, las personas nacidas en los territorios americanos de Samoa son solo nacionales. Aunque tienen pasaporte de EE.UU. y pueden vivir y trabajar en los 50 estados sin ningà ºn tipo de là ­mite, quienes viven en dichos estados no pueden ni votar ni ser elegidos en elecciones. En Guam, Islas Và ­rgenes Americanas, las Marianas del Norte y Samoa aplican las leyes migratorias de Estados Unidos, como sucede en Puerto Rico. EE.UU. tiene, adems, otros 11 territorios que se encuentran en el Pacà ­fico y en el Caribe, pero no estn habitados continuamente ni tienen poblacià ³n nativa, entre los que destacan el atolà ³n Palmyra y las islas Midway y Wake. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Blood Knot by Athol Fugard Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Blood Knot by Athol Fugard - Essay Example When Zach begins to write a letter to his pen pal, they both realize she is white, and blacks cannot speak with whites. Zach’s pen pal, Ethel, had written that she wanted to meet him. Zach buys a suit, with their savings, and asks Morris to go meet Ethel, in his stead. Zach decides to ask this of Morris because his complexion is light enough to pass as white. Â  Prior to Morris coming to live with Zach, Morris in fact had lived the life of a White African. Â  More change occurs when Ethel decides to get married. Zach and Morris spent their savings on a suit they will never use. The live performance of the play, Blood Knot, enriched the text in many ways, such as through the stage setting, movement of characters, and the use of stage props. When I first looked at the stage, what grabbed my attention was the stage setting and how it so economically portrayed the living condition of both characters. When the play began, the movement of the characters was exactly the same as I had imagined, while reading the text but, as the story unfolded, I was no longer able to see the movement of each character in the same way I had imagined when I read it. Some of the props grabbed my attention because I was unfamiliar with them, even though I could identify them. The performance of Blood Knot did enhance the storyline and content of this play. Performance enriched the story by bringing the relationship of Zach and Morris to life. Watching their interaction directly gave a better their understanding of how they treated one another and cared for one another. I gained another view of the story when Zach began to talk about women. I saw the changes in Morris’ attitude. By watching his expression, I came to know that either he had a terrible experience with women, or that women in general were not his goal. I could see that Morris felt sorry about Minnie not coming over. after he had begun living with Zach. Zach feels as if his freedom has disappeared, since women and Minnie

Immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Immigration - Essay Example Another set of immigrants was the involuntary transferred slaves from Africa for labor supply to both agrarian revolution and the industrial revolution developments. While agricultural revolution attracted immigrants to rural agricultural areas in America, the later industrial revolution concentrated the immigrants in urban centers. The immigrations however had mixed impacts. While they facilitated economic developments through explored resources, they elicited significant, though controlled social animosity, especially across racial differences (Kennedy, 1996). The current immigrants to the United States are however majorly from Asia and the Latin America, though caused by the same factors as the earlier immigrations, high population growth in host countries, and economic opportunities in America. The current immigrants are however not as economically efficient as the earlier European immigrants. As a result, current immigrants, due to poor skills significantly pose more economic challenges though less social complications are registered (Kennedy, 1996). Kennedy’s argument therefore identifies the same economic drivers of immigration in the two periods, exploration of economic opportunities in America. This is particularly because America promises more opportunities than the immigrants’ countries of origin. Immigration into America has also not been as high as those in other countries have, and continues to induce net economic benefits. Consequently, America ‘can therefore still afford’ to be a nation of immigrants because of the net derived economic benefits. Kennedy, D. (1996). Can we still afford to be a nation of immigrants? Comparing yesterday’s immigration with today’s, a historian is struck by the unprecedented nature of our present situation. The Atlanta Monthly (273.5)